1.3 How hard is it to create values?

How Hard is it to Manipulate Voting ?

How Is It Possible to Create a New Idea?

Creativity requires the generation of novel ideas, a process often called insight. A model of this process is proposed. At the macro-level, the model is a standard symbolic architecture for problem solving. Its problem perception component consists of a layered network of processing units. At the micro-level, each such unit propagates its computational result along a subset of its forward links...

Making knowledge explicit: How hard it is

Artemov’s logic of proofs LP is a complete calculus of propositions and proofs, which is now becoming a foundation for the evidence-based approach to reasoning about knowledge. Additional atoms in LP have form t : F , read as “t is a proof of F” (or, more generally, as “t is an evidence for F”) for an appropriate system of terms t called proof polynomials. In this paper, we answer two well-know...

Platelet Refractoriness and how it is formed

Abstract Background and Objectives Transfusion of platelet has become one of the main treatments for thrombocytopenic patients to reduce the severity and frequency of bleeding consequences. Failure to attain the desired level of platelets in a patient following platelet transfusion is defined as platelet refractoriness. The purpose of present paper is to review and study the mechanisms involve...

How Hard Is It to Control Switched Systems ?

We show that the problem of deciding if there exists a control that drives a switched control system between two given states b undecidable. We firthermore investigate what happens i f we search for a qntrol that achieves this in a given number of steps, or with a given number of switches. These problems are shown to be respectively NP-complete and NP-hard. The results follow as a consequence o...